Cinema of India constitutes of films produced across India, including the cinematic culture of Mumbai along with the cinematic traditions of provinces such as Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Indian films came to be followed throughout Southeast Asia and the Middle East - where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to these regions. As cinema as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1,000 films in various languages of India were produced annually. Expatriates in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States continued to give rise to international audiences for Hindi-language films, some of which—according to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2009) entry on Bollywood—continued to carry "formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes." This is contrasted by the 'Parallel Cinema' movement, prominent in Bengali cinema and other regional industries, known for its serious content, realism and naturalism.
In the 21st century, Indian cinema, along with the American and Chinese film industries, became a global enterprise. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgradation from established cinematic norms of delivering product, radically altering the manner in which content reached the target audience. Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The country also participated in international film festivals. Indian filmmakers such as Shekhar Kapur, Mira Nair, Deepa Mehta etc. found success overseas. The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe.
India is the world's largest producer of films, producing close to a thousand films annually. About 300 of the total films produced are in Hindi while the remaining are in other languages. However, Hindi films account for about half of the total revenue generated by cinema in India. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and AOL Time Warner. Prominent Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films. Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, making the commercial presence of the medium felt.
The Indian diaspora constitutes of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through mediums such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible. These earnings, accounting for some 12% of the revenue generated by a mainstream film, contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema, the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion US Dollars in 2000.Facilities for film production in the country included Ramoji Film City, which, according to Shanti Kumar 'claims to be the largest' film production center in the world. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4-5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India.
The Hindi film industry—also known as Bollywood—is the largest and most popular branch of Indian cinema. The term "Bollywood" is sometimes incorrectly applied to Indian cinema as a whole, especially outside South Asia and the South Asian diaspora. Bollywood initially explored issues of caste and culture in films such as Achut Kanya (1936) and Sujata (1959). International visibility came to the industry with Raj Kapoor's Awara. Bollywood grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films in 1991. With Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Bollywood registered its commercial presence in the Western world.
In the 21st century, Indian cinema, along with the American and Chinese film industries, became a global enterprise. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgradation from established cinematic norms of delivering product, radically altering the manner in which content reached the target audience. Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The country also participated in international film festivals. Indian filmmakers such as Shekhar Kapur, Mira Nair, Deepa Mehta etc. found success overseas. The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe.
India is the world's largest producer of films, producing close to a thousand films annually. About 300 of the total films produced are in Hindi while the remaining are in other languages. However, Hindi films account for about half of the total revenue generated by cinema in India. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and AOL Time Warner. Prominent Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films. Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, making the commercial presence of the medium felt.
The Indian diaspora constitutes of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through mediums such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible. These earnings, accounting for some 12% of the revenue generated by a mainstream film, contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema, the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion US Dollars in 2000.Facilities for film production in the country included Ramoji Film City, which, according to Shanti Kumar 'claims to be the largest' film production center in the world. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4-5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India.
The Hindi film industry—also known as Bollywood—is the largest and most popular branch of Indian cinema. The term "Bollywood" is sometimes incorrectly applied to Indian cinema as a whole, especially outside South Asia and the South Asian diaspora. Bollywood initially explored issues of caste and culture in films such as Achut Kanya (1936) and Sujata (1959). International visibility came to the industry with Raj Kapoor's Awara. Bollywood grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films in 1991. With Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Bollywood registered its commercial presence in the Western world.
In 1995 the Indian economy began showing sustainable annual growth, and Bollywood, as a commercial enterprise, grew at a growth rate of 15% annually. With growth in commercial appeal the earnings of known Bollywood stars such as Shah Rukh Khan reached 30 million rupees per film by the year 2000.And Rajini Kanth indian film superstar reached 30 million per film by 1990s. Female stars such as Kajol and Madhuri Dixit, too, earned as much as 12.5 million rupees for a film. Many actors signed contracts for simultaneous work in 3-4 films. Institutions such as the Industrial Development Bank of India also came forward to finance Bollywood films. A number of magazines such as Stardust, Filmfare, Cineblitz etc. became popular.
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